@Article{PinheiroGanHodg:2021:StEvIn,
               author = "Pinheiro, Henri Rossi and Gan, Manoel Alonso and Hodges, Kevin",
          affiliation = "{Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and {Instituto 
                         Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and {University of 
                         Reading}",
                title = "Structure and evolution of intense austral cut-off lows",
              journal = "Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society",
                 year = "2021",
               volume = "147",
               number = "734",
                pages = "1--20",
                month = "Jan.",
             abstract = "This study examines the three-dimensional structure and evolution 
                         of the 200 most intense Cut-off Lows (COLs) in the Southern 
                         Hemisphere (SH). This is done using feature tracking and 
                         cyclone-centred compositing based on the ERA-Interim reanalysis. 
                         Composites confirm the existence of a well-defined tropospheric 
                         moist cold core co-located with warm dry air in the lower 
                         stratosphere. Such cores are surrounded by regions of strong 
                         temperature gradients (frontal zones) which move downstream 
                         throughout the life cycle. The stratospheric air intrusion into 
                         the troposphere is identified in vertical cross-sections of 
                         potential vorticity and ozone, a process referred to as tropopause 
                         folding. Precipitation occurs ahead of the COLs because of the low 
                         (high)-level convergence (divergence) and strong upward motion. 
                         The maximum precipitation is observed during decay, indicating a 
                         possible link between COLs and surface cyclones. Composites 
                         conditioned on relative vorticity and precipitable water suggest 
                         these variables may be related to precipitation. The COLs exhibit 
                         a westward tilt during their early stages but they change to a 
                         barotropic state in the mature stage. Finally, the main 
                         characteristics of the COLs are summarised by categories which 
                         discriminate different intensities, indicating there are 
                         differences in the structure of COLs with consequences for 
                         precipitation. These efforts aim to provide new insights into the 
                         development of COLs in the SH which could aid in identifying and 
                         forecasting their various types and associated precipitation 
                         patterns.",
                  doi = "10.1002/qj.3900",
                  url = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qj.3900",
                 issn = "0035-9009",
             language = "en",
           targetfile = "pinheiro_structure.pdf",
        urlaccessdate = "09 maio 2024"
}